This article explores how municipalities in Germany are dealing with the energy shortage since the outbreak of the war in Ukraine and outlines the legal framework of municipal economic activity. The war in Ukraine has disrupted supply chains across Europe and prompted sharp price increases, especially in the energy market. This has an impact on customers, the economy, and, most significantly, local governments.
Increasing 4.4% to R34.9 billion in 2023/24, the budget of the National Department of Human Settlements serves as the primary means for government to achieve its goal of integrated, sustainable human settlements. The new budget allocates R14.9 billion for the Human Settlements Development Grant (HSDG), while the Urban Settlements Development Grant (USDG) increases to R8.15 billion and the ISUPG to R8.6 billion.
Migration and population expansion have accelerated the rise of urban population in cities across the world, including Southern Africa. Africa has experienced substantial urbanisation over the past few decades, and this trend is anticipated to continue.
The Dullah Omar Institute (DOI) is one of 18 international partners of the LoGov project titled ‘Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay’. The project seeks to establish an international and intersectoral training and research network to identify, and evaluate best-fit practices for local governments in order to address the changing urban-rural interplay and manage its impacts. It is funded by the European Commission as part of the EU-Rise Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA).
The demands posed by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and Covid-19 pandemic necessitated the introduction of e-services by municipalities globally. Just like globalisation, the 4IR needs to be accepted and coupled with a pragmatic shift in policies and structures of administration. In fact, research points to the potential benefits the 4IR has to offer, which include the strengthening of service delivery. The purpose of this article is to share some insights into the impact and use of e-service delivery in local government.
This article identifies the possible role that municipalities can fulfil in the promotion of green manufacturing as a tool to advance local economic development (LED), on the one hand, and youth unemployment on the other. In doing so, this article will explore some of the examples in which local governments have successfully achieved this in practice.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been identified by government as an important instrument in addressing service delivery and skills development needs of industry broadly and of government specifically.
In an age of information warfare, identity theft and the mismanagement and commercialisation of personal information in the digital world, the right to privacy in the Constitution and the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA) are vital tools that must be used to mitigate the risks that ordinary citizens face when sharing personal information. This article reflects on the question of whether municipalities, which are often the primary interface between citizens and government, are ready to implement and fulfil the requirements of POPIA and more specifically, it examines the obligations which municipalities now bear to lawfully process personal information.
Water in South Africa is a basic human right. The Free Basic Water Policy states that every South African household is entitled to receive 6000 litres of free water per month. Many South Africans, however, still do not have access to piped water within 200 metres of their homes, particularly in rural areas. It is against this backdrop that this article explores existing water cost-sharing models in rural areas and proposes an alternative cost-sharing model for the South African rural context.
Water in South Africa is a basic human right. The Free Basic Water Policy states that every South African household is entitled to receive 6000 litres of free water per month. Many South Africans, however, still do not have access to piped water within 200 metres of their homes, particularly in rural areas. It is against this backdrop that this article explores existing water cost-sharing models in rural areas and proposes an alternative cost-sharing model for the South African rural context.
Levying Property Rates: A New Dispensation.
With the gradual implementation of the Local Government Property Rates Act, the impact of the new constitutional regime in the levying of property rates is slowly filtering through. The latest conflict concerned whether a provision of the old Cape Ordinance requiring the administrators consent for an increase in the rate was constitutionally valid.
The Housing Dilemma: Reviewing Local Governmnt Functions.
An essential part of the current review of government structures is evaluating the success of local government in meetings its constitutional obligations to citizens. Key to the current review of structures is the extent to which powers and functions designated enable it to meet its developmental mandate. This article proposes a model for analysing which functions should be performed by local government and applies this model to housing. It concludes that the location of housing as a national/provincial function competency needs to be revisited.
From the Courts: Town planning schemes: Who has the Jurisdiction?
This judgment considered the constitutional dimension of town planning schemes and zoning. Which sphere of government has jurisdiction to determine land use applications and to amend zoning schemes?
Legal Briefs.
Does Item 12 of the Code of Conduct for Councillors prevent Councillors from acquiring municipal property?
Municipalities and Clean Development Mechanism Projects.
Landfill sites are excellent opportunities for municipalities to develop Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, but the window of opportunity for municipalities to do is limited. What are the phases or steps in the development of a CDM project?
The State of Our Cities.
The South African Cities Network recently released its 2006 State of the Cities Report. This report is an update of the 2004 report, which looked at how cities were confronting the challenges of the post-apartheid era. The 2006 report focuses on the trends in municipal governance between 2001 and 2006. It also provides an in depth analysis of some of the challenges that municipalities face and outlines policy options available to them in addressing these challenges.
Stepping Stones and Stumbling Blocks: Changing Municipal Boundaries.
The Municipal Demarcation Board (MDB) is entrusted with the often difficult task of demarcating municipal boundaries. Disputes around cross-boundary municipalities and the changing of municipal boundaries have recently been the focus of violent protests by communities affected by these decisions. The MDB recently published a proposal about the incorporation of the Paarl, Wellington, Stellenbosch and Drakenstein municipalities into the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality. The notice attracted much attention in the media and raised important questions around how the MDB engages with proposals received from the public.
Municipalities and Clean Development Projects.
The emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is a major factor in climate change. The most recent scientific evidence shows that global warming is happening at an alarming and increasing rate.
Managing Expectations While Commiting to Improved Service.
The writing of the Buffalo City Service Charter was an iterative process that involved a cross-section of officials in the municipality. During the sessions, the measurability of the promises and pledges on quality was hotly debated. Officials agreed that in the case of some services, like water and sanitation, there are national standards with which they have to comply.
Local Government: A Key Player in the Build-Up to 2010.
With the FIFA World Cup in Germany now over, four billion eyes will turn to South Africa and its cities to judge their readiness to host the prestigious event in 2010. Over 350 000 visitors are expected to descend to on the country to join 2.7 million local spectators for 43 days to watch some of the best national soccer teams in the world.
From the Courts: Sewerage Charges Based on Property Value and Usage
At the end of 2005, the Supreme Court of Appeal made a ruling on the question of whether sewerage charges should be based on the value of the property or on the amount of water used. The matter had been brought by the Rates Action Group against a High Court judgment, which ruled that the City of Cape Town was permitted to impose property rates for services in addition to general property rates, in conjunction with a tariff based on water usage.
From the Courts: Is There a Right to View?
Though there is no common law right to a view, the case of Paolo v Jeeva N.O and Others 2004 (1) SA 396 SCA has led to the perception among the public that certain laws do protect an existing view. As a result of media coverage, it is widely believed that section 7 of the National Buildings Regulations and Building Standards Act obliges a municipality to refuse any building plan for a building that will interfere with the view of an adjoining property.
The Nelspruit Water Concession.
In 1999, the Nelspruit Transitional Local Authority contracted the British-based multinational BiWater to provide its water services for the next 30 years. This arrangement known as the Nelspruit Water Concession, is the first contract of its kind in the South African water sector.
Strategic Framework for Water Services: Water is Life, Sanitation is Dignity.
Eight years after the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation was published, the National Cabinet approved the strategic framework for Water Services on 17 September 2003. Much has been achieved and the White Paper was used a departure point in formulating the framework, but since 1994 the context has changed significantly.
Socio Economic Rights and Basic Municipal Services.
The socio-economic rights in the Bill of Rights bind all organs of state, including municipalities. These rights may also impose positive obligation. Through the delivery of basic services municipalities fulfil some of these obligations.
From the Courts: Suitable Alternative Land Before Evictions.
Section 6(3) (c) of the Prevention of illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 provides that when a court decides whether an eviction order is just and equitable, it needs to consider the availability of suitable alternative land. The main question is what is meant by this term.
Municipal Services- Public-Private Partneships.
Public-private partneships (PPP's) are another form of an external service delivery mechanism that municipalities may consider using. Government currently views PPP's as an alternative service delivery mechanism that could be used to address the deteriorating condition of public infrastructure and avert the escalating cost of rehabilitating state assets.
How gender sensitive is your municipality?
Local government is now expected to play a proactive role in the social, economic, and material development of local communities. This means it is an sphere of government for women and for gender equity, as it has the potential to transform woman's lives by providing services such as water, sanitation, clinics, child care facilities, roads and transport.
From the Courts: When are evictions just and equitable?
Before an eviction order can be granted a court needs to determine whether it is just and equitable to do so in terms of section 26 of the Constitution by considering all the circumstances of each case, including the rights and needs of the elderly, children, disabled persons and households headed by woman.
Co-Operative Government at Work.
Earlier this year, the City of Cape Town entered into an innovative public -public partnership with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. This is a good illustration of co-operative government principles at work to ensure effective service delivery.
Municipal Services-Public-Partnerships as External Delivery Mechanism.
The legislature provides two options to a municipality when choosing an external service delivery mechanism after completion of the assessment process prescribed in section 78 of the Municipal System Act.
From the Courts: A Right to Affirmative Action & Disconnecting Basic Municipal Services.
Harmse v City of Cape Town (2003) JOL 11047 (LC)
Municipal Services: Is Chapter 8 of the Systems Act a Help or a Hindrance?
The new definition of municipal services puts even more services within the ambit of Chapter 8 of the Systems Act. Municipalities are already under heavy pressure to extend and improve delivery of municipal services.Chapter 8 of the Systems Act is supposed to facilitate this process, but it is questionable whether it achieves its purpose or whether it instead puts additional burden on already limited municipal resources.
From the Courts: Disconnecting Basic Municipal Services.
Highveldridge Residents Concerned Party v Highveldridge TLC and Others 2003 (1) BCLR 72 (T)
From the Courts: Municipality Stumbles over a Disconnection Hurdle
Residents of Bon Vista Mansions v Southern Metropolitan Local Council
Electricity Restructuring: Short-Circuting Municpalities?
Important recent developments in the electricity distribution industry (EDI) could have a significant impact on municipalities. A recent court challenge raises the crucial issue of the right of municipalities to supply and distribute electricity.
From the Courts: Guarding Against Disruption of Local Government
MEC for Local Government and Planning of the Western Cape v Paarl Poultry Enterprises CC Rosendal Poultry Farm 2002 (2) BCLR 133 (CC)
Trends in Community Protest: From 2007 to 2010.
The research was undertaken by Hirsh Jain, a Harvard Law School visiting fellow at the Community Law Centre. This article summarises Jain’s findings relating to the frequency of protests, the incidence of violent protests, the impact of the 2008/09 economic recession, the geographical spread of protests per province, and the types of concerns that fuel protests.
The Toilet War.
The City of Cape Town built unenclosed toilets in Makhaza, an informal settlement in Ward 95 of Khayelitsha. It did so on the understanding that the community would erect their own enclosures. This led to a public outcry, protests by the ANC Youth League (ANCYL), an investigation by the Human Rights Commission and even a court challenge. The media has dubbed the dispute ‘the toilet war.
Service Delivery by External Providers.
The delivery of municipal services by external providers is strictly regulated. Not only do the general constitutional requirements for procurement apply, but other, more specific rules, also govern these relationships. The Municipal Systems Act, read with the Municipal Finance Management Act, for example, says that to make use of an external provider for the delivery of a municipal service, a municipality must use competitive bidding as a procurement method, comply with a process of community consultation and ensure that the entire process is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective.
From the Courts: Evaluating the Right to Electricity.
The Constitutional Court has ruled that the disconnection of electricity supply to a block of flats by the Johannesburg municipality without prior notice was unlawful, and ordered its immediate reconnection. The Court set aside a decision of the South Gauteng High Court which held that there is no obligation on the Johannesburg municipality to afford procedural fairness to tenants with whom City Power has no contractual relationship before taking a decision to disconnect their electricity.
New Leaders, Persistant Challenges
The outcome of the elections of 22 April is critical for local government. The success of ‘developmental local government’ depends to a large extent on the choices the incoming national and provincial governments make around local government. For example, the review of provincial and local government, started by former Minister Sydney Mufamadi, will be completed under the auspices of the incoming national government. This article presents some perspectives of the Good Governance Learning Network (GGLN) that the incoming governments and the political parties that populate them may want to consider.
From the Courts: The Right To Water: A Matter of Dignity.
According to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, "Water is life, sanitation is dignity" Water, as a human right, is essential to sustain life, development and the environment. In Mazibuko and Others v City of Johannesburg and Others the fundamental right to have access to sufficient water and the right to human dignity were tested.
The Challenges of Funding Municipal Infrastructure.
The Key Financial policy objectives for sustainable local government are derived from constitutional obligations. These obligations require municipal organisation, planning and budgeting systems to target the provision of basic services and socio-economic development. Municipal Budgets are the main fiscal policy instruments that direct the revenue and expenditure stance of local government in achieving the service delivery targets.
From SALGA: Participation in the NCOP.
The intergovernmental Relations Working Group of SALGA has been considering a number of Bills with a view to make recommendations to the organisation on the mandates it has to give to its representatives in the NCOP. These include the Open Democracy Bill, Preferential Procument Policy Framework Bill and the Transitional National Land Transport Bill.
From the Courts: Failure to advertise a Subdivision.
Richardson v South Peninsula Municipality
From the Courts: The Right to Housing
Grootboom v OOstenberg Municipality
The Right to Housing: The Judgment-Grootboom vs Oostenberg Municipality
The limits of section 26 of the Constitution ( the right to access to adequate housing) and section 28 (1) (c) (children's right to shelter) were recently tested in the case of Grootboom and Others v Oostenberg Municipality, Cape Metropolitan Council, Premier of the Province of the Western Cape, National Housing Board, and Government of the Republic of South Africa.
